CONTENTS

About This Course

Table of Contents

1. The Nature and Scope of Suicide
2. Recognizing the Progressive Development of Suicide
3. Substance Abuse as a Major Contributor to Suicide
4. Suicide Across the Life Span
5. Special Populations and Suicide Risk
6. Prevention and Early Intervention for Suicide and Substance Abuse Problems

Supplements
References
Resources

Holding the Lifeline:
A Guide to Suicide Prevention

Reference links to source material used to prepare this course are provided throughout the text as appropriate. Clicking a ^ref link takes you to the particular reference, highlighted for ease of viewing, in the master list of cited works. Click your browser's Back button to return to the course.

A printable version (PDF) of these references, organized by module, is available.
What is PDF?

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 23-25.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (March 7, 2005). Table E: Deaths and percentage of total deaths for the 10 leading causes of death, by race: United States, 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports, 53(17), 9.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). 12 leading causes of death, United States, 2002, all races, both sexes. Search results obtained October 12, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). 20 leading causes of violence-related injury deaths, United States, 2002, all races, both sexes. Search results obtained October 12, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). 10 leading causes of death, United States, 2002, all races, both sexes. Search results obtained December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). 10 leading causes of death, United States, 2002, all races, both sexes. Search results obtained December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 104.
• Knox, K. L.& Caine, E. D. (2005). Establishing priorities for reducing suicide and its antecedents in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 95(11), 1898.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide. Washington, DC, p. 4.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 1.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Suicide facts and statistics. Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/suicideprevention/suifact.cfm
• Berglund, P., Borges, G., Kessler, R. C., Nock, M., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(20), 2487-2495.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Treatment Improvement Protocol Series No. 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3992). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide. Washington, DC, p. 11.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide. Washington, DC, p. 11.
• World Health Organization. (2004). Suicide huge but preventable public health problem, says WHO [Press release]. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from http://www.who.int./mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr61/en/
• World Health Organization. (2004). Suicide huge but preventable public health problem, says WHO [Press release]. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from http://www.who.int./mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr61/en/
• World Health Organization. (2004). Suicide huge but preventable public health problem, says WHO [Press release]. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from http://www.who.int./mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr61/en/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 203.
• Conner, K. R. & Chiapella, P. (May 2004). Alcohol and suicidal behavior: Overview of a research workshop. Alcoholism, 28(5), 2S-5S.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Alcohol and Public Health. (2005). Questions and answers on alcohol consumption. Retrieved December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (November 2000). Healthy People 2010. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. Washington, DC, p. 18-14.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (December 1999). Frequently asked questions about suicide. Retrieved October 26, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/suicideprevention/suicidefaq.cfm
• Kelly, T. M., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 87-97.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 17.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (July 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Executive summary. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 03-3831). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (July 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Executive summary. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 03-3831). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). Years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65, 2002 United States, all races, both sexes, all deaths. Search results obtained November 2, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2010. Leading health indicators. Retrieved May 28, 2005, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/html/uih/uih_bw/uih_4.htm
• Berglund, P., Borges, G., Kessler, R. C., Nock, M., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(20), 2487-2495.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (December 1999). Frequently asked questions about suicide. Retrieved October 26, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/suicideprevention/suicidefaq.cfm
• Parker, L. B., & Reiter, H. H. (2004). Psychological autopsy. American College of Forensic Examiners International. Retrieved May 4, 2005, from http://www.acfei.com/ce-psychological-autopsy.php
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (May 22, 2004). Surveillance Summaries. Youth risk behavior surveillance -- United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(SS-2).
• Bearman, P. S., & Moody, J. (2004). Suicide and friendships among American adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 89-95.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 203.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (December 1999). Frequently asked questions about suicide. Retrieved October 7, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/suicideprevention/suicidefaq.cfm
• American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, American Association of Suicidology, & Annenberg Public Policy Center. (n.d.). Guidelines for reporting on suicide. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/education/newrecommendations.htm
• American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, American Association of Suicidology, & Annenberg Public Policy Center. (n.d.). Guidelines for reporting on suicide. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/education/newrecommendations.htm
• Gould, M. S. (n.d.). Suicide contagion. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/research/articles/gould.html
• Jackson, J. (2003). SOS: A handbook for survivors of suicide. Washington, DC: American Association of Suicidology.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 35-37.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (November 2000). Healthy People 2010. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. Washington, DC, p. 18-14.
• Knox, K. L., Litts, D. A., Talcott, G. W., Catalano Feig, J., & Caine, E. D. (December 2003). Risk of suicide and related adverse outcomes after exposure to a suicide prevention program in the U.S. Air Force: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 327, 1-5.
• Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2001). Risk and protective factors for suicide. Excerpt from the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action, Washington, DC. Retrieved December 16, 2005, from http://www.sprc.org/library/srisk.pdf
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (November 2000). Healthy People 2010. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. Washington, DC, p. 18-14.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 35-37.
• Knox, K. L., Conwell, Y., & Caine, E. D. (January 2004). If suicide is a public health problem, what are we doing to prevent it? American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 37-45.
• Knox, K. L., Conwell, Y., & Caine, E. D. (January 2004). If suicide is a public health problem, what are we doing to prevent it? American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 37-45.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Alcohol and Public Health. (2005). Questions and answers on alcohol consumption. Retrieved December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Alcohol and Public Health. (2005). Questions and answers on alcohol consumption. Retrieved December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Alcohol and Public Health. (2005). Questions and answers on alcohol consumption. Retrieved December 14, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. (1995). Making the link: Alcohol and other drugs and suicide (NCADI Inventory No. ML009). Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.health.org/govpubs/ml009/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2005). Helping patients who drink too much: A clinicians guide. Retrieved December 29, 2005, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/CliniciansGuide2005/guide.pdf
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2005). Helping patients who drink too much: A clinicians guide. Retrieved December 29, 2005, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/CliniciansGuide2005/guide.pdf
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. (1995). Making the link: Alcohol and other drugs and suicide (NCADI Inventory No. ML009). Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.health.org/govpubs/ml009/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. (1995). Making the link: Alcohol and other drugs and suicide (NCADI Inventory No. ML009). Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.health.org/govpubs/ml009/
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Office of Statistics and Programming, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). (2002). 2002, United States suicide, ages 1-85+, all races, both sexes, total deaths: 31,645. Search results obtained November 2, 2005, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/
• Overholser, J. C., Freiheit, S. R., & DiFilippo, J. M. (May 1997). Emotional distress and substance abuse as risk factors for suicide attempts. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(4), 402-408.
• Murphy, G. E. (n. d.) Recognizing the alcoholic at risk of suicide. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Retrieved April 28, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/research/articles/murphy/html
• Murphy, G. E. (n. d.) Recognizing the alcoholic at risk of suicide. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Retrieved April 28, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/research/articles/murphy/html
• Murphy, G. E. (n. d.) Recognizing the alcoholic at risk of suicide. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Retrieved April 28, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/research/articles/murphy/html
• Murphy, G. E. (2000). Psychiatric aspects of suicidal behavior: Substance abuse. In K. Hawton & K. van Heeringen (Eds.), The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide (pp. 135-146). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• O'Boyle, M., & Brandon, E. A. A. (1997). Suicide attempts, substance abuse, and personality. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(4), 353-356.
• O'Boyle, M., & Brandon, E. A. A. (1997). Suicide attempts, substance abuse, and personality. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(4), 353-356.
• Conner, K. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2004). Predisposing and precipitating factors for suicide among alcoholics: Empirical review and conceptual integration. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(5), 6S-17S.
• O'Boyle, M., & Brandon, E. A. A. (1997). Suicide attempts, substance abuse, and personality. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(4), 353-356.
• Borges, G., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(8), 781-789.
• Borges, G., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(8), 781-789.
• Borges, G., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(8), 781-789.
• Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 11-53.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (July 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Executive summary. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 03-3831). Rockville, MD: Author.
• Centre for Suicide Prevention. (May 2003). SIEC Alert #51: Substance abuse in combination with other mental illnesses: Together, do they increase suicide risk? Retrieved December 2, 2005, from http://www.suicideinfo.ca/csp/assets/alert51.pdf
• Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 11-53.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (July 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Executive summary. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 03-3831). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (July 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Executive summary. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 03-3831). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC. Citing: Jamison, K. R. & Baldessarini, R. J. (Eds.). (1990). Effects of medical interventions on suicidal behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(Suppl. 2), 117-122.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Treatment Improvement Protocol Series No. 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3992). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (November 2000). Healthy People 2010. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. Washington, DC, p. 26-3.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Treatment Improvement Protocol Series No. 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3992). Rockville, MD: Author.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Treatment Improvement Protocol Series No. 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3992). Rockville, MD: Author. Citing: Karageorge, K. (2001). Treatment benefits the mental health of adolescents, young adults, and adults. NEDS Fact Sheet 78. Fairfax, VA: National Evaluation Data Services.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Treatment Improvement Protocol Series No. 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3992). Rockville, MD: Author.
• Parker, L., & Reiter, H. (2002). Psychological autopsy. American College of Forensic Examiners International. Retrieved May 4, 2005, from http://www.acfei.com/ce-psychological-autopsy.php
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 25.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). School-associated suicides United States, 1994-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(22), 476-478.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). School-associated suicidesUnited States, 1994-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(22), 476-478.
• Kelly, T., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 87-97.
• Kelly, T., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 87-97.
• Kelly, T., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 87-97.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. (December 13, 2002). Suicide, depression, and youth drinking. Prevention Alert, 5(17). Citing: Hanna, E. Z., Hsiao-ye, Y., Dufour, M. C., et al. (2000). The relationship of drinking and other substance use alone and in combination to health and behavior problems among youth ages 12-16: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES). Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, June 24-29, 2000. Denver Co.
• Center for the Advancement of Health. (2002). Preventing Suicide: Individual Acts Create a Public Health Crisis. Growing pains: Adolescent suicide rates raise concerns. Facts of Life: Issue Briefings for Health Reporters, 7(8), n. page. Printed interview with Madelyn S. Gould, Ph.D., M.P.H., professor of psychiatry and public health/epidemiology at Columbia Universitys College of Physicians and Surgeons. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.cfah.org/factsoflife/vol7no8.cfm
• Center for the Advancement of Health. (2002). Preventing Suicide: Individual Acts Create a Public Health Crisis. Growing pains: Adolescent suicide rates raise concerns. Facts of Life: Issue Briefings for Health Reporters, 7(8), n. page. Printed interview with Madelyn S. Gould, Ph.D., M.P.H., professor of psychiatry and public health/epidemiology at Columbia Universitys College of Physicians and Surgeons. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.cfah.org/factsoflife/vol7no8.cfm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. (n.d.). Youth and suicide. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.health.org/features/lgbt/suicide.aspx
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (July 12, 2002). National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Report. Substance abuse and the risk of suicide among youths. Retrieved March 24, 2004, from http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/suicide/suicide.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (April 30, 2004). National Institute on Drug Abuse NewsScan. Co-occurring disorders increase risk of suicide attempt by adolescents. Retrieved December 21, 2005, from http://www.nida.nih.gov/Newsroom/04/NS-04.html
• Kelly, T., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 87-97.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 99.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 184.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 32.
• Center for the Advancement of Health. (2002). Preventing Suicide: Individual Acts Create a Public Health Crisis. An age-old dilemma: Elderly Americans have highest rates of suicide. Facts of Life: Issue Briefings for Health Reporters, 7(8), n. page. Printed interview with Yeates Conwell, M.D., professor and associate chair for academic affairs in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.cfah.org/factsoflife/vol7no8.cfm
• Knox, K. L. & Caine, E. D. (November 2005). Establishing priorities for reducing suicide and its antecedents in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 95(11), 1899.
• Conwell, Y., Duberstein P. R., Connor, K., Eberly, S., Cox, C., & Caine, E. D. (July-August, 2002). Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(4), 407-416.
• Blumenthal, S. J. Suicide and gender. (n.d.) American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, Retrieved December 2, 2005, from http://www.afsp.org/research/articles/blumen.html
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (May 2003). Older adults: Depression and suicide facts. Retrieved November 4, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/elderlydepsuicide.cfm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 69.
• Center for the Advancement of Health. (2002). Preventing Suicide: Individual Acts Create a Public Health Crisis. An age-old dilemma: Elderly Americans have highest rates of suicide. Facts of Life: Issue Briefings for Health Reporters, 7(8), n. page. Printed interview with Yeates Conwell, M.D., professor and associate chair for academic affairs in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.cfah.org/factsoflife/vol7no8.cfm
• Szanto, K. (December 2003). Suicidal behavior in the elderly. Psychiatric Times, 20(13), n. page. Retrieved September 22, 2005, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p031252.html
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2010. Leading health indicators. Retrieved October 25, 2005, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/html/uih/uih_bw/uih_4.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2010. Leading health indicators. Retrieved October 25, 2005, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/html/uih/uih_bw/uih_4.htm
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (May 2003). Older adults: Depression and suicide facts. Retrieved November 4, 2005, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/elderlydepsuicide.cfm
• Blow, F. C., Brockmann, L. M., & Barry K. L. (May 2004). Role of alcohol in late-life suicide. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(5), 48S-56S.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 69.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 71.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 81.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC, p. 96.
• Blow, F. C., Brockmann, L. M., & Barry K. L. (May 2004). Role of alcohol in late-life suicide. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(5), 48S-56S.
• Qin, P. (December 2003). The relationship of suicide risk to family history of suicide and psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Times, XX(13), n. page. Retrieved August 10, 2005, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p031262.html
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